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Antioxidant Properties of Astaxanthin

References: Antioxidants, aging and exercise

Blumberg J.B., A.D. Halpner. 1999. Antioxidant status and function: relationships to aging and exercise. In: Antioxidant Status, Diet, Nutrition and Health. Ed. A. Papas. CRC Press. pp 251-274.

Di Mascio, P., T.P.A. Devasagayam, S. Kaiser, H. Sies. 1990. Carotenoids, toco-pherols and thiols as biological singlet molecular oxygen quenchers. Biochem. Soc. Trans. (18): 1054-1056.

Gerster, H. 1991. Review: antioxidant protection of the ageing macula. Age Ageing 20: 60-69.

Kurashige, M., E. Okimasu, M. Inoue, and K. Utsumi. 1990. Inhibition of oxidative injury of biological membranes by astaxanthin. Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR 22: 27-38.

Lignell, Å. 1999. Medicament for improvement of duration of muscle function or treatment of muscle disorders or diseases. World Patent #9929313. Astacarotene AB, Sweden.

Lim, B.P., A. Nagao, J. Terao, K. Tanaka, T. Suzuki, K. Takama, Antioxidant activity of xanthophylls on peroxyl radical-mediated phospholipid peroxidation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1126(2): 178-184.

Miki, W. 1991. Biological functions and activities of animal carotenoids. Pure & Appl. Chem. 63: 141-146.

Nakagawa, K., S. Kang, D. Park, G. Handelman, and T. Miyazawa. 1997. Inhibition by beta-carotene and astaxanthin of NADPH-dependent microsomal phospholipid peroxidation. J. Nutrit. Sci. and Vitamin. 43(3):345-355.

Oshima, S., F. Ojima, H. Sakamoto, Y. Ishiguro, and J. Terao. 1993. Inhibitory effect of ß -carotene and astaxanthin on photosensitized oxidation of phospholipid bilayers. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 39: 607-615.

Shimidzu N., M. Goto, W. Miki. 1996. Carotenoids as singlet oxygen quenchers in marine organisms. Fisheries science. 62(1), 134-137.

Tso, M.O.M., and T.-T. Lam. 1996. Method of retarding and ameliorating central nervous system and eye damage. U.S. Patent #5527533.

Woodall, A., G. Britton and M. Jackson. 1997. Carotenoids and photoprotection of phospholipids in solution or in liposomes against oxidation by peroxyl radicals: Relationship between carotenoid structure and protective ability. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1336(3):575-586.

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